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The balloon (simplified is a balloon) — an aircraft lighter than air, where the lift force is used enclosed in a sheath gas (or heated air) with a density less than the density of the surrounding air.
Distinguish between tethered, Svobodnaya and balloons — powered airships.
Tethered balloons are used for sensing of the atmosphere, and in time of war (since the end of XVIII century) they were used for observation of the battlefield and troop movements in the combat area, and further to adjust the fire of artillery.
The balloons rising to a height of over 11 km is called the stratosphere.
The start of stratospheric "Osoaviakhim-1", 30 January 1934
7(19) October 1875, Mendeleev spoke at a meeting of the Russian physics society at the University of St. Petersburg with the message "the temperature of the upper atmosphere". Impressed by the tragic fate of the pilots of the balloon "Zenith" ("Le Zenith") (April 15, 1875, reached the height of 8600 meters, but two of the three pilots killed), it is suggested to use for the study of higher layers of the atmosphere, along with the automatic unmanned balloons and manned balloons with a sealed gondola. Made Mendeleev's ideas can be regarded as Russia's first technical proposal of the concept of the stratosphere.
The lower boundary of the stratosphere (10500 m) was reached on July 31, 1900 German researchers A. Personam and R. Suringa in a balloon "Prussia" ("Preussen") with an open gondola, which almost died.
Gondola of the stratosphere balloon "USSR-1"
Hot-air balloons were used for military and civilian research. Usually the design of the gondola was sealed or used special suits, similar to diving.
In 1959-1962 built several hot-air balloons have specially equipped open gondolas, since their purpose was to experience the space and aviation suits and parachute systems for landing from a great height.
Suit for stratospheric balloon. Spain, 1935.
The type of filling balloons share on:
- gas — charlery,
- thermal — balloons
- combined (gas and heat at the same time) — Rosiere.
Weather balloon - unmanned aerostat intended to study the atmosphere. Consists of a rubber or plastic shell filled with hydrogen or helium, and suspended her container with the equipment. It comes in a free flight or podnimaetsya on the rope in order to study the atmosphere.
The devices can measure air pressure, humidity, temperature and other parameters. Measurements of the movement of the ball determine the wind speed at different heights. The information is usually transmitted on the radio ("radiosonde"). Before the introduction of radio for weather balloons has established meteorograph who had to return to earth. Currently, the containers with the equipment are made as cheap as possible, so after the rupture, the container falls to the ground and breaks (with possible damage to objects on earth). If the ball is run only for measuring wind speed, it is called "balloon pilot".
High-altitude weather balloons can reach heights of 30-40 km. altitude Record for balloons is 51 820 m
Modern balloons are used for demonstration and sports flights, as well as the balloon of the brothers Montgolfier, mostly filled with hot air. With the burner air is heated, and as the rarefied hot air is lighter than cold, the ball flies.
Like a UFO is observed both in the daytime and in the dark, as it can reflect bright light. A weather balloon lifted on a rope, can hang in one place for hours.
Collecting the right information, at the height of the device burst. Scientific instruments after that they drop off the chute, either inside the main can be ball less, which slows the fall of the payload when the outer shell breaks.
The launches of radiosondes are produced daily, several times a day (usually at 00:00 and 12:00 UTC).
There is also the practice of using balloons with leash (or stationary). For example, in the U.S. using aerostats (moored balloons) as radar platforms. Usually for border control, but also for other purposes. The aerostats are large fabric shell filled with helium, and can rise to a height of 15 000 ft (4600 m), being tied to a single cable. The biggest lifting capacity of 1000 kg is raised to a working height, providing low-level radar coverage, downward. Balloons steady in winds below 65 knots (120 km/h). Length of rope usually about 7600 feet (7600 m). They are used for these purposes for quite a long time (since 1980). Used nskoromnoy, downward facing radar.
Solar balloon - the balloon or the balloon, which becomes volatile when the air inside is heated by solar radiation, usually black or dark balloon material. The heated air inside the solar balloon expands and has less density than the surrounding air. They can have different shapes (diamond, pyramid, teardrop-shaped, long cylinder, etc.). Fans are often made of welded garbage bags.
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February 12, 2015 North of Manila, kicked off the annual international balloon festival in the Philippines.
Shells of balloons you can easily make quite complex shapes.
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Lately balloons became objects of creativity. There are more and more themed balloons. This may be the advertising of certain companies or services, and maybe just a private joke of their creators.
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High-speed camera, located in the upper part of the payload, made some interesting pictures of the moment when the ball burst. These images illustrate new information about these balls.
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The radar system is a balloon with a leash before starting.
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From 19:30 on 5 September 1968, the people of Madrid saw a flying object. It turned out that this object was a French stratospheric balloon CNES, which landed near the town of Elche (Alicante) five days later.
© Agence BELGA
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Launch of weather probes before nuclear tests at Indian Springs Air Force Base (Nevada) March 14, 1953
These helium-filled "Keaton" balloons are used to obtain information about air pressure, temperature and humidity, as well as other meteorological data during periods of atomic testing at the Nevada test site. They are sent into the air before each nuclear test and descend a few minutes before the actual explosion.
In this way, last-minute weather information is relayed from Indian Springs Air Force Base to the Atomic Energy Commission's test manager at the control point. Such data are used to predict the future pathways of radioactive clouds in the atmosphere . "
High-altitude balloon at sunset
Globo de Google Loon HBAL072 recorriendo el sur de República Dominicana
Author: Gastón Junca Vega
Publication date: 1 Apr. 2020
Project Loon balloon HBAL072 over Dominican Republic. Photographed from Santo Domingo 31/3/2020 Nikon D5500 + Celestron Mak C90
The Jimsphere wind measuring balloon is made of lightweight radar materials.
The Jimsphere currently being produced is a balloon with a diameter of two meters, made of lightweight, flexible, radar materials. Ground-based radar, navigation aids, or theodolites track the position and collect wind data from a balloon at an altitude of about 10 miles.
"Jimsphere", although it was developed more than 30 years ago, it remains the standard for all American rockets/launch vehicles to obtain accurate wind data at upper altitudes.
Large rockets and boosters are very sensitive to wind shear, especially when they approach the zone of maximum dynamic pressure, usually between 30,000 and 50,000 feet. Today, before each flight, the launch teams analyze the flight profile created by a computer, which includes detailed characteristics of the wind field through which the device should fly. However, in the early 1960s there was no method for measuring the wind profile with high resolution. At that time, NASA was already developing Saturn launch vehicles for the Apollo Moon landing program, and it was important that NASA also develop a weather sensor with excellent aerodynamic stability to detect vertical wind gradients prior to Saturn launches.
A standard weather balloon with a smooth surface did not cope with this task. The reason: a smooth balloon made zigzag or spiral movements during ascent due to large air vortices that broke off from the surface in different positions; this caused sporadic horizontal movements of the rising balloon, which made accurate radar tracking of the balloon impossible.
Low-res balloons, often called synoptic balloons, are launched around the world to forecast the weather, often twice a day. They can expand as they move through the atmosphere. Balloons are made of plastic (they can be silver or transparent) and have spikes on the sides to increase stability. To prevent them from expanding when lifting, they have an exhaust valve. They also have shorter strings, which makes them more stable.
Japanese teenagers roll a Fu-Go balloon (風船爆弾 - juyt— ふ号) in the factory floor.
Fu-Go is the code name for spherical bomber balloons developed in Japan for bombing the United States.
A hydrogen-filled balloon weighing 12 kg and 10 meters in diameter carried a high-explosive fragmentation bomb weighing 15 kg and four incendiary ammunition weighing 5 kg each. The shell of the balls was originally made of rubberized silk, but in conditions of severe oil shortage, Japan was forced to abandon the use of synthetic rubber in the project. Instead of silk, as a result, they began to use "washi" paper, which had good gas tightness. The production of this paper in Japan was carried out only in the form of relatively small square pieces, so the shell of the balloon was glued together from many fragments.
A gondola with a barometric autopilot, combat load and ballast was fixed under the balloon. The gondola was shaped like a four-spoke wheel and was made of aluminum. Bags of ballast sand were suspended along its perimeter. The total useful weight was 454 kilograms. The ball was controlled using a barometric autopilot. The device held the balloon at an altitude of 9-11 km, where the air flow was most effective.
Between November 1944 and April 1945, Japan launched more than 9,300 fire balloons.
In the photo, Japanese teenagers roll a Fu-Go balloon (風船爆弾 — juyt, ふ号) in the factory floor.
Photo of a high-altitude balloon through a telescope
NASA/US ULDB (Ultra-long range balloon) — this is a similar type, they are known as ultra-high pressure balloons.
The Thunderhead Balloon System is a controlled multi—purpose platform developed by Raven Aerostar for long-duration stratospheric missions, with navigation capabilities and the ability to perform continuous flight over areas of interest. Balloons can be launched individually or in constellations to support a wide range of requirements, including reconnaissance, surveillance and reconnaissance; to serve as an alternative to satellite communications or to conduct surveys of land, marine and environmental sites.
The heart of the system is a super-pressurized balloon, to which a gondola with a payload, flight systems and solar panels is attached.
The balloon is a pumpkin-shaped super-pressurized model made of polyethylene in several sizes with a volume from 64,000 cubic feet to 400,000 cubic feet and a flight height from 50 to 65 kilofoots for smaller ones and from 75 to 92 kilofoots for larger ones. This is significantly higher than commercial jetliners and weather events. Both models can carry a payload of up to 125 pounds. Helium is used to inflate the balloon, and as soon as it reaches the height of the float, it expands and pressurizes, acquiring the final shape of a pumpkin. Inside the main balloon is a smaller one, called a "balloon", which serves as a ballast and is the heart of the Thunderhead control system: air is injected into it using a special pump that allows the balloon to change its weight for ascent or descent. Although it is not possible to directly control the course or speed, these altitude changes allow the balloon to use different wind modes at different altitudes for navigation. The balloon is also equipped with a valve at the top, which is used to inject helium during inflating and to release helium during flight. The average flight duration can range from a few days to two months.
balao solar estrela 5mts Raio de Sol Guarulhos
Author: Pipa Balao Solar
February 11, 2013
balao solto dia 11/01/13 com 2 rolos de fita de bobina q abriu no alto
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